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/* cyrillic-ext */
/* cyrillic */
/* greek-ext */
/* greek */
/* vietnamese */
/* latin-ext */
/* latin */
/* cyrillic-ext */
/* cyrillic */
/* greek-ext */
/* greek */
/* vietnamese */
/* latin-ext */
/* latin */
/* cyrillic-ext */
/* cyrillic */
/* greek-ext */
/* greek */
/* vietnamese */
/* latin-ext */
/* latin */
/* cyrillic-ext */
/* cyrillic */
/* greek-ext */
/* greek */
/* vietnamese */
/* latin-ext */
/* latin */
@font-face {
    font-family: 'Source Sans Pro';
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}@import '';

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}

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}

a {
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    font-weight: 600;
    padding: 0 2px;
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h1,
h2,
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h6 {
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    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    font-weight: bold;
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h1:hover a.anchor,
h2:hover a.anchor,
h3:hover a.anchor,
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h5:hover a.anchor,
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}

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}

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ol:first-child {
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ul:last-child,
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}

blockquote {
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</style><title>2.文件和目录常用命令</title>
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<body class='typora-export os-windows'><div class='typora-export-content'>
<div id='write'  class=''><h1 id='文件和目录常用命令'><span>文件和目录常用命令</span></h1><h2 id='目标'><span>目标</span></h2><ul><li><p><span>查看目录内容</span></p><ul><li><code>ls</code></li></ul></li><li><p><span>切换目录</span></p><ul><li><code>cd</code></li></ul></li><li><p><span>创建和删除操作</span></p><ul><li><code>touch</code></li><li><code>rm</code></li><li><code>mkdir</code></li></ul></li><li><p><span>拷贝和移动文件</span></p><ul><li><code>cp</code></li><li><code>mv</code></li></ul></li><li><p><span>查看文件内容</span></p><ul><li><code>cat</code></li><li><code>more</code></li><li><code>grep</code></li></ul></li><li><p><span>其他</span></p><ul><li><code>echo</code></li><li><span>重定向 </span><code>&gt;</code><span> 和 </span><code>&gt;&gt;</code></li><li><span>管道 </span><code>|</code></li></ul></li></ul><h2 id='01-查看目录内容'><span>01. 查看目录内容</span></h2><h3 id='11-终端实用技巧'><span>1.1 终端实用技巧 </span></h3><h4 id='1-自动补全'><span>1&gt; 自动补全</span></h4><ul><li><p><span>在敲出 </span><code>文件</code><span>／</span><code>目录</code><span>／</span><code>命令</code><span> 的前几个字母之后，按下 </span><code>tab</code><span> 键</span></p><ul><li><span>如果输入的没有歧义，系统会自动补全</span></li><li><span>如果还存在其他 </span><code>文件</code><span>／</span><code>目录</code><span>／</span><code>命令</code><span>，再按一下 </span><code>tab</code><span> 键，系统会提示可能存在的命令</span></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id='2-曾经使用过的命令'><span>2&gt; 曾经使用过的命令</span></h4><ul><li><span>按 </span><code>上</code><span>／</span><code>下</code><span> 光标键可以在曾经使用过的命令之间来回切换</span></li><li><span>如果想要退出选择，并且不想执行当前选中的命令，可以按 </span><code>ctrl + c</code></li></ul><h3 id='12-ls-命令说明'><span>1.2 </span><code>ls</code><span> 命令说明</span></h3><ul><li><code>ls</code><span> 是英文单词 </span><strong><span>list</span></strong><span> 的简写，其功能为列出目录的内容，是用户最常用的命令之一，类似于 </span><strong><span>DOS</span></strong><span> 下的 </span><code>dir</code><span> 命令</span></li></ul><h4 id='linux-下文件和目录的特点'><span>Linux 下文件和目录的特点</span></h4><ul><li><span>Linux </span><strong><span>文件</span></strong><span> 或者 </span><strong><span>目录</span></strong><span> 名称最长可以有 </span><code>256</code><span> 个字符</span></li><li><span>以 </span><code>.</code><span> 开头的文件为隐藏文件，需要用 -a 参数才能显示</span></li><li><strong><span>.</span></strong><span> 代表当前目录</span></li><li><strong><span>..</span></strong><span> 代表上一级目录</span></li></ul><h3 id='13-ls-常用选项'><span>1.3 ls 常用选项</span></h3><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>参数</span></th><th><span>含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>-a</span></td><td><span>显示指定目录下所有子目录与文件，包括隐藏文件</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>-l</span></td><td><span>以列表方式显示文件的详细信息</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>-h</span></td><td><span>配合 -l 以人性化的方式显示文件大小</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h4 id='计算机中文件大小的表示方式科普）'><span>计算机中文件大小的表示方式（科普）</span></h4><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>单位</span></th><th><span>英文</span></th><th><span>含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>字节</span></td><td><span>B（Byte）</span></td><td><span>在计算机中作为一个数字单元，一般为 8 位二进制数</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>千</span></td><td><span>K（Kibibyte）</span></td><td><span>1 KB = 1024 B，千字节 （1024 = 2 ** 10）</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>兆</span></td><td><span>M（Mebibyte）</span></td><td><span>1 MB = 1024 KB，百万字节</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>千兆</span></td><td><span>G（Gigabyte）</span></td><td><span>1 GB = 1024 MB，十亿字节，千兆字节</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>太</span></td><td><span>T（Terabyte）</span></td><td><span>1 TB = 1024 GB，万亿字节，太字节</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>拍</span></td><td><span>P（Petabyte）</span></td><td><span>1 PB = 1024 TB，千万亿字节，拍字节</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>艾</span></td><td><span>E（Exabyte）</span></td><td><span>1 EB = 1024 PB，百亿亿字节，艾字节</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>泽</span></td><td><span>Z（Zettabyte）</span></td><td><span>1 ZB = 1024 EB，十万亿亿字节，泽字节</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>尧</span></td><td><span>Y（Yottabyte）</span></td><td><span>1 YB = 1024 ZB，一亿亿亿字节，尧字节</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id='14-ls-通配符的使用'><span>1.4 ls 通配符的使用</span></h3><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>通配符</span></th><th><span>含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>*</span></td><td><span>代表任意个数个字符</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>?</span></td><td><span>代表任意一个字符，至少 1 个</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>[]</span></td><td><span>表示可以匹配字符组中的任一一个</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>[abc]</span></td><td><span>匹配 a、b、c 中的任意一个</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>[a-f]</span></td><td><span>匹配从 a 到 f 范围内的的任意一个字符</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id='02-切换目录'><span>02. 切换目录</span></h2><h3 id='21-cd'><span>2.1 </span><code>cd</code></h3><ul><li><code>cd</code><span> 是英文单词 </span><strong><span>change directory</span></strong><span> 的简写，其功能为更改当前的工作目录，也是用户最常用的命令之一</span></li></ul><blockquote><p><span>注意：Linux 所有的 </span><strong><span>目录</span></strong><span> 和 </span><strong><span>文件名</span></strong><span> 都是大小写敏感的</span></p></blockquote><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>命令</span></th><th><span>含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>cd</span></td><td><span>切换到当前用户的主目录(/home/用户目录)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>cd ~</span></td><td><span>切换到当前用户的主目录(/home/用户目录)</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>cd .</span></td><td><span>保持在当前目录不变</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>cd ..</span></td><td><span>切换到上级目录</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>cd -</span></td><td><span>可以在最近两次工作目录之间来回切换</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id='22-相对路径和绝对路径'><span>2.2 相对路径和绝对路径</span></h3><ul><li><strong><span>相对路径</span></strong><span> 在输入路径时，最前面不是 </span><strong><span>/</span></strong><span> 或者 </span><strong><span>~</span></strong><span>，表示相对 </span><strong><span>当前目录</span></strong><span> 所在的目录位置</span></li><li><strong><span>绝对路径</span></strong><span> 在输入路径时，最前面是 </span><strong><span>/</span></strong><span> 或者 </span><strong><span>~</span></strong><span>，表示从 </span><strong><span>根目录/家目录</span></strong><span> 开始的具体目录位置</span></li></ul><h2 id='03-创建和删除操作'><span>03. 创建和删除操作</span></h2><h3 id='31-touch'><span>3.1 </span><code>touch</code></h3><ul><li><p><span>创建文件或修改文件时间</span></p><ul><li><span>如果文件 </span><strong><span>不存在</span></strong><span>，可以创建一个空白文件</span></li><li><span>如果文件 </span><strong><span>已经存在</span></strong><span>，可以修改文件的末次修改日期</span></li></ul></li></ul><h3 id='32-mkdir'><span>3.2 </span><code>mkdir</code></h3><ul><li><span>创建一个新的目录</span></li></ul><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>选项</span></th><th><span>含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>-p</span></td><td><span>可以递归创建目录</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><blockquote><p><strong><span>新建目录的名称</span></strong><span> 不能与当前目录中 </span><strong><span>已有的目录或文件</span></strong><span> 同名</span></p></blockquote><h3 id='33-rm'><span>3.3 </span><code>rm</code></h3><ul><li><span>删除文件或目录</span></li></ul><blockquote><p><span>使用 </span><code>rm</code><span> 命令要小心，因为文件删除后不能恢复</span></p></blockquote><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>选项</span></th><th><span>含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>-f</span></td><td><span>强制删除，忽略不存在的文件，无需提示</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>-r</span></td><td><span>递归地删除目录下的内容，</span><strong><span>删除文件夹</span></strong><span> 时必须加此参数</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id='04-拷贝和移动文件'><span>04. 拷贝和移动文件</span></h2><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>序号</span></th><th><span>命令</span></th><th><span>对应英文</span></th><th><span>作用</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>01</span></td><td><span>tree [目录名]</span></td><td><span>tree</span></td><td><span>以树状图列出文件目录结构</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>02</span></td><td><span>cp 源文件 目标文件</span></td><td><span>copy</span></td><td><span>复制文件或者目录</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>03</span></td><td><span>mv 源文件 目标文件</span></td><td><span>move</span></td><td><span>移动文件或者目录／文件或者目录重命名</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id='41-tree'><span>4.1 </span><code>tree</code></h3><ul><li><code>tree</code><span> 命令可以以树状图列出文件目录结构</span></li></ul><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>选项</span></th><th><span>含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>-d</span></td><td><span>只显示目录</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id='42-cp'><span>4.2 </span><code>cp</code></h3><ul><li><code>cp</code><span> 命令的功能是将给出的 </span><strong><span>文件</span></strong><span> 或 </span><strong><span>目录</span></strong><span> 复制到另一个 </span><strong><span>文件</span></strong><span> 或 </span><strong><span>目录</span></strong><span> 中，相当于 </span><strong><span>DOS</span></strong><span> 下的 </span><code>copy</code><span> 命令</span></li></ul><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>选项</span></th><th><span>含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>-i</span></td><td><span>覆盖文件前提示</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>-r</span></td><td><span>若给出的源文件是目录文件，则 cp 将递归复制该目录下的所有子目录和文件，目标文件必须为一个目录名</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id='43-mv'><span>4.3 </span><code>mv</code></h3><ul><li><code>mv</code><span> 命令可以用来 </span><strong><span>移动</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>文件</span></strong><span> 或 </span><strong><span>目录</span></strong><span>，也可以给 </span><strong><span>文件或目录重命名</span></strong></li></ul><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>选项</span></th><th><span>含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>-i</span></td><td><span>覆盖文件前提示</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id='05-查看文件内容'><span>05. 查看文件内容</span></h2><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>序号</span></th><th><span>命令</span></th><th><span>对应英文</span></th><th><span>作用</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>01</span></td><td><span>cat 文件名</span></td><td><span>concatenate</span></td><td><span>查看文件内容、创建文件、文件合并、追加文件内容等功能</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>02</span></td><td><span>more 文件名</span></td><td><span>more</span></td><td><span>分屏显示文件内容</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>03</span></td><td><span>grep 搜索文本 文件名</span></td><td><span>grep</span></td><td><span>搜索文本文件内容</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id='51-cat'><span>5.1 </span><code>cat</code></h3><ul><li><code>cat</code><span> 命令可以用来 </span><strong><span>查看文件内容</span></strong><span>、</span><strong><span>创建文件</span></strong><span>、</span><strong><span>文件合并</span></strong><span>、</span><strong><span>追加文件内容</span></strong><span> 等功能</span></li><li><code>cat</code><span> 会一次显示所有的内容，适合 </span><strong><span>查看内容较少</span></strong><span> 的文本文件</span></li></ul><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>选项</span></th><th><span>含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>-b</span></td><td><span>对非空输出行编号</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>-n</span></td><td><span>对输出的所有行编号</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><blockquote><p><span>Linux 中还有一个 </span><code>nl</code><span> 的命令和 </span><code>cat -b</code><span> 的效果等价</span></p></blockquote><h3 id='52-more'><span>5.2 </span><code>more</code></h3><ul><li><code>more</code><span> 命令可以用于分屏显示文件内容，每次只显示一页内容</span></li><li><span>适合于 </span><strong><span>查看内容较多</span></strong><span>的文本文件</span></li></ul><p><span>使用 </span><code>more</code><span> 的操作键：</span></p><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>操作键</span></th><th><span>功能</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>空格键</span></td><td><span>显示手册页的下一屏</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>Enter 键</span></td><td><span>一次滚动手册页的一行</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>b</span></td><td><span>回滚一屏</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>f</span></td><td><span>前滚一屏</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>q</span></td><td><span>退出</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>/word</span></td><td><span>搜索 </span><strong><span>word</span></strong><span> 字符串</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id='53-grep'><span>5.3 </span><code>grep</code></h3><ul><li><span>Linux 系统中 </span><code>grep</code><span> 命令是一种强大的文本搜索工具</span></li><li><code>grep</code><span>允许对文本文件进行 </span><strong><span>模式</span></strong><span>查找，所谓模式查找，又被称为正则表达式，在就业班会详细讲解</span></li></ul><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>选项</span></th><th><span>含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>-n</span></td><td><span>显示匹配行及行号</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>-v</span></td><td><span>显示不包含匹配文本的所有行（相当于求反）</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>-i</span></td><td><span>忽略大小写</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><ul><li><span>常用的两种模式查找</span></li></ul><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>参数</span></th><th><span>含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span>^a</span></td><td><span>行首，搜寻以 </span><strong><span>a</span></strong><span> 开头的行</span></td></tr><tr><td><span>ke$</span></td><td><span>行尾，搜寻以 </span><strong><span>ke</span></strong><span> 结束的行</span></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2 id='06-其他'><span>06. 其他</span></h2><h3 id='61-echo-文字内容'><span>6.1 </span><code>echo 文字内容</code></h3><ul><li><code>echo</code><span> 会在终端中显示参数指定的文字，通常会和 </span><strong><span>重定向</span></strong><span> 联合使用</span></li></ul><h3 id='62-重定向--和-'><span>6.2 重定向 </span><code>&gt;</code><span> 和 </span><code>&gt;&gt;</code></h3><ul><li><span>Linux 允许将命令执行结果 </span><strong><span>重定向</span></strong><span>到一个 </span><strong><span>文件</span></strong></li><li><span>将本应显示在</span><strong><span>终端上的内容</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>输出／追加</span></strong><span> 到</span><strong><span>指定文件中</span></strong></li></ul><p><span>其中</span></p><ul><li><code>&gt;</code><span> 表示输出，会覆盖文件原有的内容</span></li><li><code>&gt;&gt;</code><span> 表示追加，会将内容追加到已有文件的末尾</span></li></ul><h3 id='63-管道-'><span>6.3 管道 </span><code>|</code></h3><ul><li><span>Linux 允许将 </span><strong><span>一个命令的输出</span></strong><span> 可以</span><strong><span>通过管道</span></strong><span> 做为 </span><strong><span>另一个命令的输入</span></strong></li><li><span>可以理解现实生活中的管子，管子的一头塞东西进去，另一头取出来，这里 </span><code>|</code><span> 的左右分为两端，左端塞东西（写），右端取东西（读）</span></li></ul><p><span>常用的管道命令有：</span></p><ul><li><code>more</code><span>：分屏显示内容</span></li><li><code>grep</code><span>：在命令执行结果的基础上查询指定的文本</span></li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><p><span>作业：</span></p><ol start='' ><li><span>使用touch命令任意创建1个文件</span></li><li><span>使用echo命令创建两个文件</span></li><li><span>使用more 和 cat 命令输出文件</span><code>test.txt</code><span>内容</span></li><li><span>复制文件</span><code>test.txt</code><span> ，命名为 </span><code>hello.txt</code></li><li><span>打印当前目录结构</span></li></ol><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p></div></div>
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